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Matches 1 to 50 of 372 Thumbnails Only
| Thumb | Description | Linked to | |
| 1 |  | 1880 US Census of Erastus and Charles Green in False Bottom, Lawrence, Dakota Territory | |
| 2 |  | 1880 US Census showing Grimmer and Sitterding Families in Ohio | |
| 3 |  | 1892 Marriage of John Martin, Jr. & Mary Malinowska | |
| 4 |  | 1899 Peoria Directory showing Kowalks | |
| 5 |  | 1918 Flu Epidemic Map showing the timing and location of the influenza epidemic | |
| 6 |  | 1919 US Passport of Emil Kowalk | |
| 7 | A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe ABSTRACT: A large part of Y chromosome lineages in East European and East Asian human populations belong to haplogroup (hg) NO, which is composed of two sister clades N-M231 and O-M175. The O-clade is relatively old (around 30 thousand years (ky)) and encompasses the vast majority of east and Southeast Asian male lineages, as well as significant proportion of those in Oceanian males. On the other hand, our detailed analysis of hg N suggests that its high frequency in east Europe is due to its more recent expansion westward on a counter-clock northern route from inner Asia/southern Siberia, approximately 12–14 ky ago. The widespread presence of hg N in Siberia, together with its absence in Native Americans, implies its spread happened after the founder event for the Americas. The most frequent subclade N3, arose probably in the region of present day China, and subsequently experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe. Another branch, N2, forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian (N2-A) and European (N2-E), the latter now mostly distributed in Finno Ugric and related populations. These phylogeographic patterns provide evidence consistent with male-mediated counter-clockwise late Pleistocene–Holocene migratory trajectories toward Northwestern Europe from an ancestral East Asian source of Paleolithic heritage. European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 204–211. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748; published online 6 December 2006 | ||
| 8 | A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosome Marker U152 Introduction and Parameters of the Study: The goal of the present study is to use historical references (via the Greco – Roman Classical authors), plus linguistic and archaeological data, to link the Hallstatt and La Tene Celtic people of Central Europe to a Y-chromosome marker, S28 / U152 (the latter version will be used due to its acceptance by the Y Chromosome Consortium). The old style phylogenetic category was haplogroup R-U152 (ISOGG, 2007), however today both R1b1b2h (Karafet et al. 2008) and R1b1b2a2g (International Society of Genetic Genealogists, 2008) are in common usage. The hypothesis under consideration is that most who are U152 positive are living descendants of these ancient Celtic people who emerged from an Alpine European homeland; with the possible exception of distantly related folk who reside along the Mediterranean coast south to Sardinia. It is important to note that it is not proposed that all Central European Celts were U152, only that there is a strong correlation (which does not include a wide range of other haplotypes also being found among the Celts). | ||
| 9 | A Joke Here is a joke that slightly exaggerates the Volga German ethic of thrift. | ||
| 10 | A letter from Neu Norka A letter to America from Neu Norka in 1922 | ||
| 11 | A Recent Insertion of an Alu Element on the Y Chromosome Is a Useful
Marker for Human Population Studies ABSTRACT: A member of the Alu family of repeated DNA elements has been identified on the long arm of the human Y chromosome, Yq 11. This element, referred to as the Y Alu polymorphic (YAP) element, is present at a specific site on the Y chromosome in some humans and is absent in others. Phylogenetic comparisons with other Alu sequences reveal that the YAP element is a member of the polymorphic subfamily 3 (PSF-3), a previously undefined subfamily of Alu elements. The evolutionary relationships of PSF-3 to other Alu subfamilies support the hypothesis that recently inserted elements result from multiple source genes. The frequency of the YAP element is described in 340 individuals from 14 populations, and the data are combined with those from other populations. There is both significant heterogeneity among populations and a clear pattern in the frequencies of the insertion: sub-Saharan Africans have the highest frequencies, followed by northern Africans, Europeans, Oceanians, and Asians. An interesting exception is the relatively high frequency of the YAP element in Japanese. The greatest genetic distance is observed between the African and non-African populations. The YAP is especially useful for studying human population history from the perspective of male lineages. | ||
| 12 | A review of mutation processes and methods of phylogenetic inference Introduction Microsatellites are short segments of DNA in which a specific motif of 1-6 bases is repeated up to a usual maximum of 60 or so. Due to their exceptional variability and relative ease of scoring microsatellites are now generally considered the most powerful genetic marker. It is typical to observe loci with more than 10 alleles and heterozygosities above 0.60, even in relatively small samples (Bowcock et al. 1994, Deka et al. 1995), while certain loci can be considerably more variable (Primmer et al. 1996). In addition to being highly variable, microsatellites are also densely distributed throughout eukaryotic genomes, making them the preferred marker for very-high resolution genetic mapping (Dib et al. 1996, Dietrich et al. 1996). Microsatellites are rapidly replacing RFLPs and RAPDs in most applications in population biology, from identifying relatives to inferring demographic parameters (Blouin et al. 1996, Bowcock et al. 1994, Goldstein et al. 1996, Jame and Lagoda 1996). Part of the appeal of microsatellites over RFLPs and RAPDs is that the genetic basis of microsatellite variability is readily apparent: unique primers amplify a genomic region including a well-defined repeat structure that is responsible for the observed variation. This allows the development of inferential methods based on explicit models of microsatellite evolution (Slatkin 1995a,b; Goldstein et al. 1995a,b; Goldstein et al 1996; Feldman et al 1996; Pollock et al 1996). These advantages suggest that microsatellites will enjoy a lengthy reign in population studies. | ||
| 13 | A Step by Step Guide to Create a SplitsTree4 Diagram by Victor Villarreal | ||
| 14 | A Suggested Genome for "Mitochondrial Eve" The "Out of Africa" theory has become widely accepted in the 20 years since the original work was done on 147 mitochondrial DNA samples. Now there are more than 3,700 genomes available for study. The human phylogenetic tree is now very complicated. But no sequence has so far been published that includes all the mutations that have arisen in the last 200,000 years. The present article describes 52 mutations that have occurred on the lineage of the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS), thereby suggesting a mitochondrial genome for "Mitochondrial Eve." | ||
| 15 |  | A Time Line of Y-DNA Haplogroups
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| 16 |  | A Western Eurasian Male Is Found in 2000-Year-Old Elite Xiongnu Cemetery in Northeast Mongolia by Kijeong Kim et al. ABSTRACT We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNP), and autosomal short tandem repeats STR) of three skeletons found in a 2,000-year-old Xiongnu elite cemetery in Duurlig Nars of Northeast Mongolia. This study is one of the first reports of the detailed genetic analysis of ancient human remains using the three types of genetic markers. The DNA analyses revealed that one subject was an ancient male skeleton with maternal U2e1 and paternal R1a1 haplogroups. This is the first genetic evidence that a male of distinctive Indo-European lineages (R1a1) was present in the Xiongnu of Mongolia. This might indicate an Indo-European migration into Northeast Asia 2,000 years ago. Other specimens are a female with mtDNA haplogroup D4 and a male with Y-SNP haplogroup C3 and mtDNA haplogroup D4. Those haplogroups are common in Northeast Asia. There was no close kinship among them. The genetic evidence of U2e1 and R1a1 may help to clarify the migration patterns of Indo-Europeans and ancient East-West contacts of the Xiongnu Empire. Artifacts in the tombs suggested that the Xiongnu had a system of the social stratification. The West Eurasian male might show the racial tolerance of the Xiongnu Empire and some insight into the Xiongnu society. Am J Phys Anthropology 000:000–000, 2010. VVC 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. KEY WORDS Xiongnu; R1a1; Indo-European migration; Northeast Asia; ancient DNA | |
| 17 | A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles | ||
| 18 |  | Ada Mallon Death Certificate | |
| 19 | Ada Mazeppa Crouse Ada Mazeppa Crouse - Montana Death Index | ||
| 20 | Ada Mazeppa Crouse Ada Mazeppa Crouse - SS Death Index | ||
| 21 | Adam Mallon - Chinook Journal Article Adam Mallon - Chinook Journal Article - 17 Apr 1941 | ||
| 22 | Adam Mallon - Montana Death Index Adam Mallon - Montana Death Index | ||
| 23 |  | Adam Mallon - Montana Standard | |
| 24 | Adam Mallon - Montana Standard Article Adam Mallon - Montana Standard Article dated 16 Apr 1941 reporting the death of Adam Mallon | ||
| 25 | Adam Mallon - Newspaper Articles Adam Mallon - Newspaper Articles from 1929-1930 as reported in the Montana Standard | ||
| 26 |  | Adam Mallon Death Certificate | |
| 27 |  | Albanian Population | |
| 28 |  | American Hotel Auction in Hancock, NY | |
| 29 |  | An open thank you note to Marilyn R. Wright of Saint Paul, Minnesota | |
| 30 |  | Ancestry: 2000 By Angela Brittingham and G. Patricia de la Cruz U.S. Census 2000 Brief | |
| 31 |  | Ansart et al. Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 3(3), 99–
106 The first pandemic reportedly occurred in 412 BC and the first attributed to influenza in 1580. Since then, 31 influenza pandemics have been described; the five most recent in 1889, 1900, 1918, 1957 and 1968 were separated respectively by 11, 18, 39 and 11 years. | |
| 32 |  | Antonie Hintz - Havre Daily News | |
| 33 |  | Antonie Hintz - Montana Standard | |
| 34 |  | Antonie Hintz - Montana Standard | |
| 35 |  | Antonie Mallon (nee Hintz) Death Certificate | |
| 36 |  | Application of Phylogenetic Networks in Evolutionary Studies by Daniel H. Huson* and David Bryant# *Center for Bioinformatics (ZBIT), Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany; and #Department of Mathematics, Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand ABSTRACT:The evolutionary history of a set of taxa is usually represented by a phylogenetic tree, and this model has greatly facilitated the discussion and testing of hypotheses. However, it is well known that more complex evolutionary scenarios are poorly described by such models. Further, even when evolution proceeds in a tree-like manner, analysis of the data may not be best served by using methods that enforce a tree structure but rather by a richer visualization of the data to evaluate its properties, at least as an essential first step. Thus, phylogenetic networks should be employed when reticulate events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, recombination, or gene duplication and loss are believed to be involved, and, even in the absence of such events, phylogenetic networks have a useful role to play. This article reviews the terminology used for phylogenetic networks and covers both split networks and reticulate networks, how they are defined, and how they can be interpreted. Additionally, the article outlines the beginnings of a comprehensive statistical framework for applying split network methods. We show how split networks can represent confidence sets of trees and introduce a conservative statistical test for whether the conflicting signal in a network is treelike. Finally, this article describes a new program, SplitsTree4, an interactive and comprehensive tool for inferring different types of phylogenetic networks from sequences, distances, and trees. | |
| 37 |  | Archaeological resource modelling in temperate river valleys: a case study from the Trent Valley, UK by A. J. Howard et al. Methods for mapping and determining the condition of archaeological resources while they are still underground have been in development for nearly half a century. The authors here offer an example from the frontiers of the art: the application of a package of remote sensing procedures not only designed to locate sites but to model the valley deposits which contain and cover them. The variation in success of different methods in different deposits offers a guide to the design of evaluation projects on sand and gravel terrain everywhere. Keywords: Britain, Trent, prehistory, alluvial, floodplain, confluence, lidar, ERGI, geophysics, prospection, bore holes, radiocarbon | |
| 38 | Asa Read Asa Read - First US Census | ||
| 39 |  | Auction of Fannie Read Estate | |
| 40 |  | Babcock Genealogy by Stephen Babcock (Large File! 53MB) Book of Babcock Genealogy written in 1903. | |
| 41 |  | Belle of '61 Still Hides From World After Father Forbade Love for Soldier A Sunday morning, 7 Nov 1920, story in the Syracuse Herald on the reclusive Miss Fannie Read of Hancock, NY. | |
| 42 |  | Bird Rest Stop Design and construction of a backyard bird rest area. | |
| 43 |  | BLAST of mtDNA Samples (mtDNA Descendants of Louise SCHMIDT) GenBank accession number GU944473 Comparison of sample #130076, hypervariable regions HVR1 and HVR2 and the Coding Region CR, to the corrected Cambridge Reference Sequence. Query ID: John Frederick Read Description Family Tree DNA sample 130076,HVR2,CR,HVR1|GenBank accession GU944473 Molecule type nucleic acid Query Length 16570 Subject ID lcl|13809 mtDNA haplogroup T1a1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/290555811?report=genbank Subject ID: Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) corrected Description gi|251831106|ref|NC_012920.1| Homo sapiens mitochondrion, complete genome Molecule type nucleic acid Subject Length 16569 Program BLASTN 2.2.21+ Citation mtDNA haplogroup H Reference Zheng Zhang, Scott Schwartz, Lukas Wagner, and Webb Miller (2000), "A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences", J Comput Biol 2000; 7(1-2):203-14. BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&PAGE_TYPE=BlastHome Score = 3.039e+04 bits (16458), Expect = 0.0 Identities = 16535/16572 (99%), Gaps = 5/16572 (0%) Strand=Plus/Plus van Oven M, Kayser M. 2009. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Hum Mutat 30(2):E386-E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921 http://www.phylotree.org/ http://www.phylotree.org/tree/main.htm http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_R.htm |
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| 44 | Brauttusch (Bride's Fanfare) German Wedding Song | ||
| 45 |  | Catherine Leah FLECHSIG nee BISSELL | |
| 46 |  | Characteristics and Frequency of Germline Mutations at Microsatellite Loci from the Human Y Chromosome, as Revealed by Direct Observation in Father/Son Pairs by Manfred Kayser, et al. ABSTRACT: A number of applications of analysis of human Y-chromosome microsatellite loci to human evolution and forensic science require reliable estimates of the mutation rate and knowledge of the mutational mechanism. We therefore screened a total of 4,999 meioses from father/son pairs with confirmed paternity (probability >99.9%) at 15 Ychromosomal microsatellite loci and identified 14 mutations. The locus-specific mutation-rate estimates were 0–8.58#1053, and the average mutation rate estimates were 3.17#1053 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.89– 4.94#10-3) across 8 tetranucleotide microsatellites and 2.80#1053 (95% CI 1.72–4.27#1053) across all 15 Y-chromosomal microsatellites studied. Our data show a mutational bias toward length increase, on the basis of observation of more repeat gains than losses (10:4). The data are in almost complete agreement with the stepwisemutation model, with 13 single-repeat changes and 1 double-repeat change. Sequence analysis revealed that all mutations occurred in uninterrupted homogenous arrays of >11 repeats. We conclude that mutation rates and characteristics of human Y-chromosomal microsatellites are consistent with those of autosomal microsatellites. This indicates that the general mutational mechanism of microsatellites is independent of recombination. | |
| 47 | Chart of mtDNA Descendant Carriers Only of Louise Schmidt Chart of mtDNA Descendant Carriers Only of Louise Schmidt | ||
| 48 | Chart of Y-DNA Descendant Carriers Only of Stephen Griswold Read Chart of Y-DNA Descendant Carriers Only of Stephen Griswold Read | ||
| 49 | Comparison of Cruciani 2007 E-V13 Data to Z6BKG | ||
| 50 |  | Comprehensive mutation analysis of 17 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat polymorphisms included in the AmpFlSTR® Yfiler® PCR amplification kit by Miriam Goedbloed, et al. ABSTRACT: The Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (YSTR) polymorphisms included in the AmpFlSTR® Yfiler® polymerase chain reaction amplification kit have become widely used for forensic and evolutionary applications where a reliable knowledge on mutation properties is necessary for correct data interpretation. Therefore, we investigated the 17 Yfiler Y-STRs in 1,730–1,764 DNA confirmed father–son pairs per locus and found 84 sequence-confirmed mutations among the 29,792 meiotic transfers covered. Of the 84 mutations, 83 (98.8%) were single-repeat changes and one (1.2%) was a double-repeat change (ratio, 1:0.01), as well as 43 (51.2%) were repeat gains and 41 (48.8%) repeat losses (ratio, 1:0.95). Medians from Bayesian estimation of locus-specific mutation rates ranged from 0.0003 for DYS448 to 0.0074 for DYS458, with a median rate across all 17 Y-STRs of 0.0025. The mean age (at the time of son’s birth) of fathers with mutations was with 34.40 (±11.63) years higher than that of fathers without ones at 30.32 (±10.22) years, a difference that is highly statistically significant (p<0.001). A Poisson based modeling revealed that the Y-STR mutation rate increased with increasing father’s age on a statistically significant level (α=0.0294, 2.5% quantile=0.0001). From combining our data with those previously published, considering all together 135,212 meiotic events and 331 mutations, we conclude for the Yfiler Y-STRs that (1) none had a mutation rate of >1%, 12 had mutation rates of >0.1% and four of <0.1%, (2) single-repeat changes were strongly favored over multiple-repeat ones for all loci but 1 and (3) considerable variation existed among loci in the ratio of repeat gains versus losses. Our finding of three Y-STR mutations in one father–son pair (and two pairs with two mutations each) has consequences for determining the threshold of allelic differences to conclude exclusion constellations in future applications of Y-STRs in paternity testing and pedigree analyses. Keywords Y-STR . Mutation . Microsatellites . Y-chromosome . AmpFlSTR YFiler kit |
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