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'Little One' Evelyn Mallon
"Little One" Evelyn Mallon
 
 
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15th Photo Squadron in Tunisia, North Africa
15th Photo Squadron in Tunisia, North Africa
 
 
8
1880 US Census of Erastus and Charles Green in False Bottom, Lawrence, Dakota Territory
1880 US Census of Erastus and Charles Green in False Bottom, Lawrence, Dakota Territory
 
 
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1880 US Census showing Grimmer and Sitterding Families in Ohio
1880 US Census showing Grimmer and Sitterding Families in Ohio
 
 
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1892 Marriage of John Martin, Jr. & Mary Malinowska
1892 Marriage of John Martin, Jr. & Mary Malinowska
 
 
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1899 Peoria Directory showing Kowalks
1899 Peoria Directory showing Kowalks
 
 
12
1918 Flu Epidemic
1918 Flu Epidemic
Map showing the timing and location of the influenza epidemic 
 
13
1919 US Passport of Emil Kowalk
1919 US Passport of Emil Kowalk
 
 
14 A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe
ABSTRACT: A large part of Y chromosome lineages in East European and East Asian human populations belong to haplogroup (hg) NO, which is composed of two sister clades N-M231 and O-M175. The O-clade is relatively old (around 30 thousand years (ky)) and encompasses the vast majority of east and Southeast Asian male lineages, as well as significant proportion of those in Oceanian males. On the other hand, our detailed analysis of hg N suggests that its high frequency in east Europe is due to its more recent expansion westward on a counter-clock northern route from inner Asia/southern Siberia, approximately 12–14 ky ago. The widespread presence of hg N in Siberia, together with its absence in Native Americans, implies its spread happened after the founder event for the Americas. The most frequent subclade N3, arose probably in the region of present day China, and subsequently experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe. Another branch, N2, forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian (N2-A) and European (N2-E), the latter now mostly distributed in Finno Ugric and related populations. These phylogeographic patterns provide evidence consistent with male-mediated counter-clockwise late Pleistocene–Holocene migratory trajectories toward Northwestern Europe from an ancestral East Asian source of Paleolithic heritage.

European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 204–211.

doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748; published online 6 December 2006 
 
15
A Day of Fishing
A Day of Fishing
Harvey Read, Sr., Harvey Read, Jr., George C. Read, & Stanley Hawks in about 1918. 
 
16 A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosome Marker U152
Introduction and Parameters of the Study: The goal of the present study is to use historical references (via the Greco – Roman Classical authors), plus linguistic and archaeological data, to link the Hallstatt and La Tene Celtic people of Central Europe to a Y-chromosome marker, S28 / U152 (the latter version will be used due to its acceptance by the Y Chromosome Consortium). The old style phylogenetic category was haplogroup R-U152 (ISOGG, 2007), however today both R1b1b2h (Karafet et al. 2008) and R1b1b2a2g (International Society of Genetic Genealogists, 2008) are in common usage. The hypothesis under consideration is that most who are U152 positive are living descendants of these ancient Celtic people who emerged from an Alpine European homeland; with the possible exception of distantly related folk who reside along the Mediterranean coast south to Sardinia. It is important to note that it is not proposed that all Central European Celts were U152, only that there is a strong correlation (which does not include a wide range of other haplotypes also being found among the Celts). 
 
17 A Harbaugh Valley Memoir
A Harbaugh Valley Memoir, part 2 of 4.
 
 
18 A Harbaugh Valley Memoir
A Harbaugh Valley Memoir, part 3 of 4.
 
 
19 A Harbaugh Valley Memoir
A Harbaugh Valley Memoir, part 4 of 4.
 
 
20 A Harbaugh Valley Memoir
A Harbaugh Valley Memoir, part 1 of 4 
 
21 A Joke
Here is a joke that slightly exaggerates the Volga German ethic of thrift. 
 
22 A letter from Neu Norka
A letter to America from Neu Norka in 1922 
 
23 A Recent Insertion of an Alu Element on the Y Chromosome Is a Useful Marker for Human Population Studies
ABSTRACT: A member of the Alu family of repeated DNA elements has been identified on the long arm of the human Y chromosome, Yq 11. This element, referred to as the Y Alu polymorphic (YAP) element, is present at a specific site on the Y chromosome in some humans and is absent in others. Phylogenetic comparisons with other Alu sequences reveal that the YAP element is a member of the polymorphic subfamily 3 (PSF-3), a previously undefined subfamily of Alu elements. The evolutionary relationships of PSF-3 to other Alu subfamilies support the hypothesis that recently inserted elements result from multiple source genes. The frequency of the YAP element is described in 340 individuals from 14 populations, and the data are combined with those from other populations. There is both significant heterogeneity among populations and a clear pattern in the frequencies of the insertion: sub-Saharan Africans have the highest frequencies, followed by northern Africans, Europeans, Oceanians, and Asians. An interesting exception is the relatively high frequency of the YAP element in Japanese. The greatest genetic distance is observed between the African and non-African populations. The YAP is especially useful for studying human population history from the perspective of male lineages. 
 
24 A review of mutation processes and methods of phylogenetic inference
Introduction
Microsatellites are short segments of DNA in which a specific motif of 1-6 bases is repeated up to a usual maximum of 60 or so. Due to their exceptional variability and relative ease of scoring microsatellites are now generally considered the most powerful genetic marker. It is typical to observe loci with more than 10 alleles and heterozygosities above 0.60, even in relatively small samples (Bowcock et al. 1994, Deka et al. 1995), while certain loci can be considerably more variable (Primmer et al. 1996). In addition to being highly variable, microsatellites are also densely distributed throughout eukaryotic genomes, making them the preferred marker for very-high resolution genetic mapping (Dib et al. 1996, Dietrich et al. 1996). Microsatellites are rapidly replacing RFLPs and RAPDs in most applications in population biology, from identifying relatives to inferring demographic parameters (Blouin et al. 1996, Bowcock et al. 1994, Goldstein et al. 1996, Jame and Lagoda 1996). Part of the appeal of microsatellites over RFLPs and RAPDs is that the genetic basis of microsatellite variability is readily apparent: unique primers amplify a genomic region including a well-defined repeat structure that is responsible for the observed variation. This allows the development of inferential methods based on explicit models of microsatellite evolution (Slatkin 1995a,b; Goldstein et al. 1995a,b; Goldstein et al 1996; Feldman et al 1996; Pollock et al 1996). These advantages suggest that microsatellites will enjoy a lengthy reign in population studies. 
 
25
A spring picnic in the Bearpaw Mountains
A spring picnic in the Bearpaw Mountains
 
 
26 A Step by Step Guide to Create a SplitsTree4 Diagram by Victor Villarreal
 
 
27 A Suggested Genome for "Mitochondrial Eve"
The "Out of Africa" theory has become widely accepted in the 20 years since the original work was done on 147 mitochondrial DNA samples. Now there are more than 3,700 genomes available for study. The human phylogenetic tree is now very complicated. But no sequence has so far been published that includes all the mutations that have arisen in the last 200,000 years. The present article describes 52 mutations that have occurred on the lineage of the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS), thereby suggesting a mitochondrial genome for "Mitochondrial Eve." 
 
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A Time Line of Y-DNA Haplogroups
A Time Line of Y-DNA Haplogroups
 
 
29
A Western Eurasian Male Is Found in 2000-Year-Old Elite Xiongnu Cemetery in Northeast Mongolia
A Western Eurasian Male Is Found in 2000-Year-Old Elite Xiongnu Cemetery in Northeast Mongolia
by Kijeong Kim et al.

ABSTRACT We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNP), and autosomal short tandem repeats STR) of three skeletons found in a 2,000-year-old Xiongnu elite cemetery in Duurlig Nars of Northeast Mongolia. This study is one of the first reports of the detailed genetic analysis of ancient human remains using the three types of genetic markers. The DNA analyses revealed that one subject was an ancient male skeleton with maternal U2e1 and paternal R1a1 haplogroups. This is the first genetic evidence that a male of distinctive Indo-European lineages (R1a1) was present in the Xiongnu of Mongolia. This might indicate an Indo-European migration into Northeast Asia 2,000 years ago. Other specimens are a female with mtDNA haplogroup D4 and a male with Y-SNP haplogroup C3 and mtDNA haplogroup D4. Those haplogroups are common in Northeast Asia. There was no close kinship among them. The genetic evidence of U2e1 and R1a1 may help to clarify the migration patterns of Indo-Europeans and ancient East-West contacts of the Xiongnu Empire. Artifacts in the tombs suggested that the Xiongnu had a system of the social stratification. The West Eurasian male might show the racial tolerance of the Xiongnu Empire and some insight into the Xiongnu society.

Am J Phys Anthropology 000:000–000, 2010. VVC 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

KEY WORDS Xiongnu; R1a1; Indo-European migration; Northeast Asia; ancient DNA 
 
30 A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles
A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles 
 
31
Achilles
Achilles
Achilles 
 
32
Achilles
Achilles
Achilles attack 
 
33
Ada and Ernest Mallon
Ada and Ernest Mallon
Ada and her little brother Ernest Mallon 
 
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Ada and her horse
Ada and her horse
My horse's feet are as swift as rolling thunder
He carries me away from all my fears
And when the world threatens to fall asunder
His mane is there to wipe away my tears.
~Bonnie Lewis
 
 
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Ada Mallon
Ada Mallon
Ada Mallon 
 
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Ada Mallon
Ada Mallon
Ada Mallon in about 1918 
 
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Ada Mallon
Ada Mallon
 
 
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Ada Mallon
Ada Mallon
Status: Located.  
 
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Ada Mallon Death Certificate
Ada Mallon Death Certificate
 
 
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Ada Mallon in the Bearpaw Mountains
Ada Mallon in the Bearpaw Mountains
 
 
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Ada Mallon Trading Hats
Ada Mallon Trading Hats
 
 
42
Ada Mallon, Lumberjack
Ada Mallon, Lumberjack
 
 
43 Ada Mazeppa Crouse
Ada Mazeppa Crouse - Montana Death Index 
 
44 Ada Mazeppa Crouse
Ada Mazeppa Crouse - SS Death Index 
 
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Ada Mazeppa Crouse
Ada Mazeppa Crouse
Ada Mazeppa Crouse with her roses in Great Falls, Montana 
 
46
Adam 'Babe' Mallon, Jr.
Adam "Babe" Mallon, Jr.
 
 
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Adam and Adam Jr. 'Babe' Mallon
Adam and Adam Jr. "Babe" Mallon
 
 
48
Adam Mallon
Adam Mallon
Charcoal drawing of Adam in 1907.  
 
49
Adam Mallon
Adam Mallon
Status: Located.  
 
50 Adam Mallon - Chinook Journal Article
Adam Mallon - Chinook Journal Article - 17 Apr 1941 
 

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